In pragmatic inference sentences, an implication normally occurs when, from the information presented, the reader expects something that was not explicitly stated or not necessarily implied, changing the original meaning of the sentence. Given the damaging consequences of inaccurate memories, it is of great interest to understand the mechanisms behind memory for pragmatic inferences. This article explores the consequences of different encoding instructions in memory retrieval for information on day-to-day actions using the pragmatic inference paradigm. The use of sentences embedded with pragmatic implications, such as the previous example is thus a useful way to induce false memories for everyday actions and to study the reconstructive nature of memory. The generation of inferences depends on constructive non-intentional processes that often lead to memory errors and distortions ( Carpenter and Schacter, 2017). When reading the sentence “ the karate champion hit the cinder block” we might very often infer that the cinder block was broken, although this outcome was not explicitly stated in the sentence. The findings show that imaginal encoding improves memory, suggesting the engagement of a distinctiveness heuristic and source-monitoring process. Similarly, a significant reduction of false memories was observed across both experiments, even though a complementary Bayesian analysis only supported this conclusion for Experiment 1. Results from the two experiments showed that imagination instructions lead to better memory, by showing a higher proportion of correct responses and better performance in a memory benefit index. math) were compared across four separate conditions. In Experiment 2, the encoding instructions (imagine vs. In Experiment 1, participants were either assigned to the encoding condition of imagine+no filler pay attention+math or memorize+math. Across two experiments, we manipulated imaginal encoding through the instructions given to participants and the after-item filler task (none vs. Here, we explored the effect of imaginal encoding with pragmatic inferences, a way to study false memories for information about everyday actions. But on the other hand, instructions to imagine have reduced false memories in the DRM paradigm (imagination facilitation effect). On the one hand, instructing participants to imagine themselves manipulating the to-be-recalled items increase false memories (imagination inflation effect). Yet, research has shown that encoding instructions affect the false memories we form. Human memory can be unreliable, and when reading a sentence with a pragmatic implication, such as “ the karate champion hit the cinder block,” people often falsely remember that the karate champion “ broke” the cinder block. CICPSI, Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal. ![]() Maraver * Ana Lapa Leonel Garcia-Marques Paula Carneiro Ana Raposo
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